50 Linux Commands You Should Know

ls - list the files and directories in the current directory
```
ls
```
cd - change the current directory
```
cd dir_name
```
mkdir - create a new directory
```
mkdir rohan
```
rmdir - remove a directory
```
rmdir rohan
```
pwd - print the current working directory
```
pwd
```

cp - copy files or directories

#We will copy a file called example.txt from the current directory to a directory called backup
cp example.txt backup/

mv - move or rename files or directories
```
mv example.txt backup/
```
rm - remove files or directories
```
rm example.txt
```
touch - create a new empty file or update the timestamp of an existing file
```
touch shayan.txt
```
cat - concatenate and display files
```
cat example.txt
```
man - manual for a command
```
man ls
```
htop - an interactive process viewer and system monitor
```
htop
```

chmod - change the permissions of a file or directory

# The first digit represents the owner of the file/directory
# The second digit represents the group that the file/directory belongs to
# The third digit represents all other users
# 0 (no permission)
# 1 (execute only)
# 2 (write only)
# 3 (write and execute)
# 4 (read only)
# 5 (read and execute)
# 6 (read and write)
# 7 (read, write, and execute)

chmod 700 file.txt

chown - change the owner of a file or directory
```
chown new_owner example.txt
```

tar - create or extract compressed archive files

# x: extract files from an archive
# t: list the contents of an archive
# r: append files to an existing archive
# z: use gzip compression
# j: use bzip2 compression
# cf: create file
#xf: extract file
tar cf archive.tar file1 file2 file3

gzip - compress files
```
gzip file.txt
```
gunzip - decompress compressed files
```
gunzip file.txt.gz
```
ssh - connect to a remote server securely
```
ssh username@server_address
```
scp - securely copy files between systems
```
scp myfile.txt user@remotehost:/home/user/
```
ping - test network connectivity
```
ping 8.8.8.8
```
ifconfig - display or configure network interfaces
```
ifconfig
```
netstat - display network connection information
```
netstat
```
route - view or configure network routing tables
```
route [options] [add/delete/show]
```
top - display system resource usage and processes
```
top
```
ps - display information about running processes
```
ps aux
```
kill - terminate a process
```
kill [PID]
```

systemctl - control system services and settings

# Start the nginx service
systemctl start nginx

# Check the status of the nginx service
systemctl status nginx

# Stop the nginx service
systemctl stop nginx

service - control system services
```
service apache2 start
```
useradd - add a new user to the system
```
useradd harry
```
passwd - change the password for a user
```
passwd harry
```
userdel - delete a user from the system
```
userdel harry
```
su - switch user to become another user
```
su john
```
sudo - execute a command as another user or with elevated privileges
```
sudo
```
uptime - display system uptime and load average
```
uptime
```
df - display disk space usage
```
df
```
du - display disk usage by file or directory
```
du
```
mount - mount a file system
```
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb
```
umount - unmount a file system
```
sudo umount /mnt/usb
```
date - display or set the system date and time
```
date
```
whoami - display the current user name
```
whoami
```
which - locate a program or command in the system path
```
ls
```
finger - displays all the information about user
```
finger harry
```
uname - display system information
```
uname
uname -a
```
history - display a list of previously executed commands
```
history
```
echo - display text or variables to the console
```
echo 'I need Tshirt from codeswear!'
```
tee - redirect output to both a file and the console
```
$ ls | tee file.txt
```
locate - locate any file on the system
```
locate file.txt
```

sort - sort lines of text in a file or input

cat file.txt
banana
orange
apple
sort file.txt
apple
banana
orange

uniq - remove duplicate lines from a file or input

cat file.txt
apple
orange
banana
apple
banana
uniq file.txt
apple
orange
banana

head/tail - display the first/last few lines of a file or input

#display first 10 lines
head file.txt

#display last 10 lines
tail file.txt

50 Linux Commands You Should Know

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